India’s Budget for its Children

We just witnessed one of the country’s most interesting fortnights. One, it entailed the much-anticipated, first full-fledged, NaMo budget. Not soon after, the nation witnessed skeletons tumble out of its closet in the form of a BBC documentary – India’s daughter. Why mention both in the same breath, one might wonder?

The documentary, India’s daughter, as any educated, liberal mind would opine, is a clear reflection of the gross inequalities that persist in our system. From gender discrimination, abuse, poverty, closed and crude mindsets, it has reflected all and how it’s interlinked. It isn’t surprising then that the government (though of course one expected more from the current government) clamped down on viewing the documentary.

Why truth must not be faced as it is and when will we stop pretending to believe that all is well with our society? The country has one of the largest number of unemployed youth, one of the largest number of people living below poverty lines and in despicable living conditions, one of the largest out-of-school children in the world, and an alarming decline in the sex ratio especially during a period of unprecedented economic growth.  In the same breadth it also has the lowest spending on education in the world!

Educationists and activists were hence eagerly anticipating the budget wondering if the government ‘for change’ would finally allot the requisite funds towards educating the country’s children? Our future.  So, do we have reasons to rejoice? Unfortunately, not many.

Though some nominal measures have been undertaken that must be rather appreciated, such as  - Skill India Programme, the Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gramin Kaushal Yojana (for increasing employment among rural from 18-35 years), the Sukanya Samriddhi Scheme (part of the Beti Bachao Beti Padhao' campaign), proposal of setting up a fully IT-based Student Financial Aid Authority to administer education loans and scholarships to poor and middle class students for pursuing higher education.

There wasn’t much of a mention of a planned roadmap to tackle critical issues in school and higher education. The quality of education from school to higher education, dearth of qualified and trained teachers, Lack of crucial policies, lack of clarity on existing ones such as the Right to Education Act and the political will to implement them. We require increased and mapped outlays for sure to get the vast population of youth and children under one roof and a review of work done to ensure if we are on track or dreaming things up. Merely allotting an IIM or AIIMS is far from over when the current IIMs and IIT s are struggling to get qualified teachers and some, even students! Hence, the budget seems to have looked at the macro issues while being impatient to dig in deeper, which is required on an urgent basis.

A 16% cut in the outlay to education (compared to last fiscal) is a tad disappointing since now is the time to increase outlay to education and ensure to strengthen groundwork at schools, tighten and make the transition between schools to college and higher education thereafter more smooth and dynamic. Vocational education and skill building courses undoubtedly should be encouraged.

While we may choose to close our eyes and pretend all’s well, the truth is that depravity will only continue to thrive among inequalities or the varied ‘degrees of unfreedom’, as Amartya Sen would put it. We need to truly empower both India’s daughters and India’s sons to reach the best of their potential by working alongside and respecting each other and work toward a FREE and EMPOWERED Nation, free of biases, rituals, intolerance, poverty and self-fulfilling prophesies.   

To be a Rocket Scientist OR a Sailor?

One of our kindergartners’ parents recently made an important but typical remark about our assessment procedure, as we concluded one.  “It reassures me that my child’s progress is being studied in such detail but how should we make the most of this assessment,” she asked. 

It wasn’t the first time a parent wanted to ‘act on’ the assessment. It is an eagerly awaited day by parents as they browse through the progress their children (as young as 2 years) are making within the curriculum. Often, parents who join us after having their brush with other preschools are quite taken aback with the methodical processes and in-depth analysis across every sphere of learning we follow.  Learning Assessment is crucial to us. However, assessment programs are hardly about if the child is on course to becoming a rocket scientist or a curator and providing cues to the parent accordingly!

Assessment, ‘assidre’ in Latin, means to sit beside. At Kangaroo Kids, the focus is always on the process rather than the ‘product’.  This encompasses to literally ‘sit beside’ a child and while observing him/her, guide his discovery and learning and finally assess his/her progress across various dynamic parameters.  It is a 360 degree approach of understanding a child and his learning needs. Observation is an important skill at every stage of schooling – be it teaching or learning.

For e.g. to observe in a two year-old the curriculum aim of 'uses tools for writing and drawing and visualises & represents ideas (on paper, slates, easel etc.)’, the learning objective is - holds a crayon with thumb & 2 fingers (palmer grasp). Here, the teacher will observe children at the activity centres while they are doing their activities either on slates or at art activity. Since each child develops at their own pace, observing and supporting each child is critical.

Undoubtedly, it’s the teachers that are the primary facilitators in this cycle, which is why they are empowered with the maximum training and support to handle each child. To maintain daily progress of each child with respect to physical, cognitive, social, emotional and personal development, is no mean feat, since each growth is inter-related. Extend couple of extra layers of focus for children identified as afflicted with learning disorders, it’s easy to see why it is absolutely essential for us to maintain a teacher-child ratio of 1:6 (playschool) or 1:8 (an industry benchmark), along with a support teacher for each child identified sometimes with learning or behaviour challenges.

As we see it, child assessment is as definite as science and as evolving.  Though, it is hardly a tool to know who has the makings of a rocket scientist. But it is about who would love rocket science and who would rather sail a boat. And between the both of them how to get them interested in the boat and the rocket respectively. We truly believe each child is unique, gifted and had areas of strength. We don’t believe in labeling children or sorting them but believe in ‘igniting that spark for achieving human greatness’.

It goes without saying that parents are equal partners in this process of discovery, learning and outcome.  Without them, it is impossible to realise the vision of raising a child as true to himself/herself.  Although it does take a while for some of our parents to accept the thought that one needn’t compare to understand. But all who have been with us have supported this wholeheartedly, to only come back later and thank us. Our vision for our children is simple really. It remains to celebrate what each child has to offer and to ignite his interest in achieving his potential.  

There is hardly any satisfaction than watching little rocket scientists agreeing to cruise with little sailors and watch little sailors give the rocket the benefit of doubt! 

Patriotism - Just Being!

The 66^th Republic Day celebrations this year were special indeed with the world’s most influential person, Mr. Obama, sharing the stage with Mr. Modi, touted to greatly influence India’s destiny as a ‘superpower’. While the visit quite predictably got embroiled in political polemics, it can’t be denied that there seems to be a more cohesive effort in establishing a stronger identity for India and Indians on the world map. We are in midst of a sort of a conscious community awakening working toward this goal which now seems attainable. So yes, we have reasons to be proud. To be an Indian.   

On the other hand we also have various fundamentalists and hardliners, found across the world, who believe that being a patriot is a special prerogative of those who belong to a particular religion or follow certain set values and customs or belong to a particular race/ethnicity. So much so that any divergence from a criteria usually results in misplaced acts of intolerance such as war and terror attacks at an extreme level and crimes based on differences in race, ethnicity and even religion. Perhaps it has to do much with the interconnectedness of patriotism with not just sharing a common culture, history or geographical boundary but also belief systems like religion, customs and ideologies shaped over time by its influential societies and communities. 

Therein lays the conundrum. The word ‘patriotism’ in itself has so many hues that it might heed well to think of what patriotism means to us. It’s since the time of Greeks that such a sense of attachment and purpose could be sewn in within the context of a citizen’s role in a society and nation at large. However, it can also be a tool to propagate exclusivity and preferential treatment. Haven’t many a war been fought under the pretext of love of nation? 

While America justified its ‘War on Terror’ as a necessity to protect the rights and liberties of Americans, rights activists and intelligentsia have criticised the massive destruction in terms of lives and resources it has caused innocent civilians in Iraq while questioning the motive. It isn’t to say of course that patriotism is bad, many wars have been won for just causes due to it but in an increasingly borderless world is patriotism helping bridge the divide or creating a deeper wedge?

The answer of course is subjective and really depends on what we derive from the term. Our association with the emotion. Patriotism grows slowly and is ingrained within us. As an educator, I would like to believe that the foundation is laid in schools. We might not teach patriotism implicitly but when we teach history or when we form early morning assemblies and recite the pledge, celebrate national festivals and independence, represent the country at any sports or other event or do social work or clean our streets we are sowing the seeds of this emotion. It is undoubtedly a powerful, flexible and a great moral sentiment.  

The trick is to propagate its most sincere form. One which doesn’t tear apart rights of one community while seemingly building the ramparts around another community. It is as much in showing respect for a national flag but also respecting another’s just the same; it is not just in shouting slogans and being willing to give life for your country while taking an enemy’s but also to preserve life in all its form and to promote growth; It is as much in cleaning one’s mind of biases as much as it is cleaning our streets. It is about being conscientious, dedicated and giving our 100% to our job. But most importantly, it must also mean we need to respect another being's right to just BE.

Terrorism – 0 Education – ∞

As 2014 draws to a close, it will be marked by one of the most tragic and spine-chilling incidents that history has witnessed so far. The massacre of 132 school children in Peshawar, Pakistan. The world gasped in horror as terrorists wreaked a savage blood bath in the institution. Innocent lives, whose only fault was of belonging to a particular background and for attending school, eager to learn. While it wasn’t the first time that children were victims of terrorist attacks, what made it more gruesome was the planned and systematic way the terrorists went about the murders. How a human could do such an act, we wonder.

As the government in Pakistan vowed to clean its backyard of these weeds they grew for regulating their external power struggle with India, and it yet remains to be seen how much they will walk the talk, will just retaliating and killing more terrorists suffice? Clearly, killing more people can hardly contain violence which is more often than not, an outcome of a society reeling under marginalisation, division and exclusion. The have and the have-nots; the masses who continue to wait along the side-lines, as the majority progress towards ‘development’. And what serves as a greater leveller than education to remove such socio-economic disparities while also broadening the outlook of people?

HG Wells in Outline of History mentioned – “human history becomes more and more a race between education and catastrophe." Closer home, around 80 million adivasis, who live mostly in poorer states like Chhatisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, have barely been participants in the ‘shining India’ era; they earn as low as Rs. 20,000 annually. Is it any coincidence that Naxalite activity has thrived on such alienated and marginalised tribal belts in eastern and central India, stripped of basic amenities that should constitute their rights rather than be considered a privilege, defining development?

Unfortunately, we have yet to understand the importance of education in removing such disparities. Like its Indian counterpart which spends a miniscule 3.5 % of GDP on education, even Pakistan spends a dismal 2.3% GDP on education (compared with 8-10% in OECD countries). In fact, in June 2014 the Pakistan media reported that the education budget had been reduced by 11% over last year. This while the country has the second largest number of out-of-school children after India as per a UNESCO 2012 report – ‘Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2012. There is marked discrimination in terms of girl child education in lower economic households with less than 5% young women having completed lower secondary school while a paltry 16% of poorest men had completed so, compared with 70% richest young men and women. The country ranks 113 out of 120 countries in the Education Development Index.  One in three young people in Pakistan have not completed primary school and the country has the third largest number of illiterates.

How can any country progress when several live in various degrees of unfreedom? Significantly, Dowrick and Kruege Lindahl had observed that an increase by one year in a country’s average level of schooling could increase economic growth by 6-15%.  Since lack of education is both the cause and effect of underdevelopment,   it becomes a vicious cycle to break. And violence is often born out of such disparities. Education enables people from all streams to actively participate in nation building rather than be silent and at times harmful participants.

We need to not only spend more on education and health and make it inclusive across aspects, but also invest time and energies in thinking about how we want to shape our youth’s minds. What is it that they are learning and what lessons are we imparting? For instance, is it just a mere coincidence that Pakistan spends SEVEN times more on military education than on primary education! We will reap as we sow and education is a powerful tool.

We need to focus on shared cultural, intellectual and physical history as a people rather than let a few in power create dissent and divide us. In what will remain as of the most brazen and dastardly acts on an education institution, ironically, isn’t it time we sat up and take notice of what is it that we are teaching our children or rather what is it that we aren’t?  Tolerance, mutual respect and understanding, cooperation and unity should not merely be restricted to moral science/value education lessons but rewarded and incorporated within the curriculum. Since it is in our schools that our minds are being shaped continuously.

Undoubtedly, in every war between terrorism and Education, the former has always lost. For there can’t be a more befitting reply than that given by the young school children who survived the dastardly act to those who cowardly plot such terror attacks to imbibe fear and hostility, by turning up the very next day at school. While you might inhumanly push bullets into our heads, how will you destroy awakened minds? 

The Sanskrit-German controversy

The recent controversy of Sanskrit ‘replacing’ German as the third language has indeed opened a can of worms with respect to the status of language education in India. While various factions have defended this move led by an almost extinct group of Sanskrit scholars many have opposed it too. As tempting as it might seem to derive that the move has been conjured through saffron-tinted glasses, it has nonetheless highlighted critical issues plaguing our education system.
  

One, that teaching of German in Kendriya Vidyalaya schools isn’t truly in-sync with the three language formula as drafted in the National Education Policy, 1968 (revised in 1986 and 2005) which has stated that the preferred medium of instruction should be the mother tongue with a progressive introduction of other languages like Hindi, English and a ‘modern’ Indian language from middle-school (grades 6 to 8). Whether Sanskrit now falls in the purview of ‘modern’ Indian language, is up for debate, but definitely German doesn’t fall into the picture.

How did we even come to pass such a massive blunder? German was introduced as a supplemental activity outside school hours in 2009. It wasn’t part of the core curriculum. It was only when it started becoming popular that in 2011, it was introduced as a third language option at the middle school level in 2011 in Kendriya Vidyalayas. Understandably, one has to question the legitimacy of introducing a language as restricted as German (spoken mainly in Germany and Austria). Why was the government sleeping for all these three years? Also, the shift from Sanskrit to German had hampered the situation with teachers of Sanskrit being forced to learn German through short tutorials and teach the students! One can only imagine the resultant quality of teaching.

It also brings us to the main issue which is the ironic failure of dispensing an effective language education in a multi-lingual nation such as ours. How can any language be taught in isolation? For a language to thrive it needs to be spoken and hence such avenues for speaking the language are critical. Naturally, the more the number of avenues to apply the language skill, the more is the hunger for getting back to it and deriving more from it.

Why must we pit one language against the other or politicise the issue? Numerous research papers have indicated that children are known to pick up to 21 languages simultaneously if exposed to it consistently since infancy.  So, clearly the issue isn’t of adding another language to the curriculum. The question isn’t as much in terms of utility too especially when it comes to languages since it is deeply entrenched within the culture of a people. Especially Sanskrit, which contains the ancient wisdom of Vedas, Puranas and Upanishads, and which has now caught the fancy of the western world.

I remember studying Sanskrit during my school years. It was hardly pleasant as is the case due to improper comprehension of the principles governing a language. The grammar in Sanskrit is extremely structured but given the basic principle of rote learning and mugging up information, it makes it even tougher. How do we inculcate a genuine love of learning for the language/subject?  The real issue has been universal across all aspects of Indian education system. The issue has always remained of dispensing quality and outcome-centric education through trained and expert faculty, guided by a well-researched and effective pedagogy. 

Each year lesser number of students are opting for Sanskrit in universities in spite of falling cut-offs. Apart from teaching there are hardly any other career opportunities for students majoring in Sanskrit. There is a gross lack of funds for students pursuing doctorates and research work. Clearly, language education and interdependence of cognitive-linguistic skills has been grossly misinterpreted and delved into. Pedagogy needs to be reinvented in its entirety. Research and study in languages also must be promoted and funded in a consistent and well thought out approach. Teacher education programmes must be tailored to cater to the current context and its challenges. The essence of language education in terms of its extension to learning across spheres must be realised.

A language needs to be well integrated into the lives of people to be duly propagated. It’s time we analyse the outcomes we are aiming for in terms of language education, define them when none exists and redefine the obsolete.